What are other common quality issues in perovskite battery components?

In addition to hidden cracking problems, there are also various other common quality issues in perovskite battery modules. The following is a detailed summary of these quality issues:

1、 Performance stability issues
1. Efficiency attenuation:
Perovskite battery modules may experience efficiency degradation over prolonged use. This is mainly due to factors such as material aging, damage to crystal structure, and intensified interfacial reactions.
Efficiency degradation can affect the power generation efficiency and lifespan of components, reducing the overall performance of photovoltaic power plants.
2. Instability:
The properties of perovskite materials and equipment are unstable, prone to moisture, and easily react with other materials, which can lead to uncertainty in component performance.
In humid environments, perovskite materials may lose their power generation performance and are also susceptible to degradation by natural light.

2、 Manufacturing process issues
1. Uneven coating:
The coating technology for perovskite batteries is not mature, resulting in the inability to evenly apply the perovskite layer on the surface of the equipment.
Uneven coating can affect device performance, reduce the conversion efficiency and service life of components.
2. Difficulty in scaling up:
Due to limitations in coating technology and the physical properties of TCO (transparent conductive oxide) films, perovskite cells face difficulties in large-scale and mass production.
The efficiency of large-sized perovskite modules may be significantly lower than that of individual cells, affecting their practical application effectiveness.

3、 Material issues
1. Toxic metals such as lead:
The most promising and high-performance perovskite material for industrial production is lead halide perovskite, but lead is a toxic heavy metal that is harmful to the environment and human health.
Although some opinions suggest that the production process of perovskite materials should be designed properly to avoid excessive pollution, this means that more complex production processes and by-product handling procedures are required.

2. Material sensitivity:
Perovskite materials are highly sensitive to environmental factors such as water, heat, and oxygen, and are prone to the formation of various defects (vacancies, gaps, rearrangements, etc.) during solution preparation and long-term operation.
These defects will capture photo generated electrons or holes, which will then recombine with carriers with opposite charges and quench, resulting in a decrease in steady-state charge density and a decrease in the quasi Fermi level splitting of electrons and holes, ultimately leading to open circuit voltage loss.

4、 Other defects and issues
1. Deep well defects:
Perovskite materials have a defect called "deep well state", which traps charge carriers like traps, preventing light energy from being converted into electrical energy and causing it to be lost in the form of heat.
Deep well defects can affect the efficiency of perovskite cells, and although there have been numerous studies attempting to analyze this phenomenon, the specific causes of this phenomenon are still unknown.

2. Surface and grain boundary defects:
Defects at the surface and grain boundaries can reduce the efficiency of charge extraction, thereby affecting short-circuit current and fill factor.
The charged nature of these defects allows them to move under the action of an electric field, resulting in degradation, band bending, phase separation, and hysteresis of perovskite, which is not conducive to the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the device.

In summary, common quality issues in perovskite battery modules involve multiple aspects such as performance stability, manufacturing processes, materials, and other defects. To address these issues, it is necessary to continuously investigate the characteristics of perovskite materials and optimize manufacturing processes, while exploring new materials and preparation techniques to improve the quality and performance of perovskite battery components.

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